Test

today we had a test and im pretty happy that i passed it. i thought it was pretty easy.

What to know for the exam

• When the middle ages were - 476 - 1453
• the new society has roots in 
• classical heritage of Rome
• beliefs of the church 
• customs of Germanic tribes
• the overrun of the western half of the roman empire
• disruption of trade
• downfall of cities
• popular shifts to rural
• effects of invasion
• downfall of learning
• romance languages - french, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian
• few besides priests were literate
• Germanic warriors loyalty was to the lord of the manner
• Clovis rules the franks which is where France comes from
• in 496 AD he and 3000 of his men become Christians
• in 520, Benedict writes to the monks 
• vows of poverty
• chastity
• obedience 
• his sister, Scholastic writes similar rules for nuns
• they operate schools, maintain libraries and copy books
• church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads and raise armies
• this is a theocracy 
• Gregory spiritual kingdom is (Christendom) 
• Clovis' decedents include Charles Martel a.k.a. Charles the Hammer
• hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of tours 732
• Charles Martel's son is Pepin the short 
• Charlemagne (Charles the great) was Charles Martel's second son

Charlemagne

• 6 foot 4
• Built the greatest empire since Rome
• Fought muslin in Spain
• Fights Germanic tribes
• Spreads Christianity
• Reunited western Europe
• Became most powerful king in western Europe
• Pope Leo II crowned him emperor

Charlemagne's gov

• Visited every part of his kingdom
• Limited authority of nobles
• Kept close eye on estates
• Encouraged learning
• Had schools open to others
• Man of the people
• Son Louis the pious was ineffective
• His 3 sons split up the kingdom of the treaty of Verdun

review

Today we reviewed the same PowerPoint over again and we have a test next week

Germanic Kingdoms pt.2

Germanic people adopt Christianity

• Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom
• Conflicts start with Church and Frankish leaders
• How they recruited Christians in Gaul
• Benedict wrote rules
• Bibles were hand written

• Franks and Gaul controlled merrivigion dynasty
• Major domo - mayor of palace]
• He ruled the kingdom
• Charles the hammer
• Extended franks reign and territory
• Battle of tour
• Defeated Spain
• If they would've lost, everything would've been lost
• They also fought for Christian church

European empire evolves

• Pepin the short
• Son of Charles the hammer
• Works with and for the pope
• Fought against the group
• Pope Stephan II named him king by the grace of God
• Starts next dynasty called Carolingian dynasty
• Pepin had 2 son
• Carolman and Charles
• Carolman was older and took over
• Charlemagne - Charles the great

Charlemagne

• 6 foot 4
• Built the greatest empire since Rome
• Fought muslin in Spain
• Fights Germanic tribes
• Spreads Christianity
• Reunited western Europe
• Became most powerful king in western Europe
• Pope Leo II crowned him emperor

Charlemagne's gov

• Visited every part of his kingdom
• Limited authority of nobles
• Kept close eye on estates
• Encouraged learning
• Had schools open to others
• Man of the people
• Son Louis the pious was ineffective
• His 3 sons split up the kingdom of the treaty of Verdun

Germanic Kingdoms

Main idea

• Germanic kingdoms that acceded the Roman empire were reunited under Charlemagne

Why it's important

• Charlemagne spread Christianity through northern Europe

• Middle ages - medieval period
• 500 - 1500 AD
• Medieval Europe is fragmented

1. Invasions triggered changes
1. Invasions are a fluid thing, happening all the time
2. No roman legion
2. Disruption of trade
1. Europe cities are no longer economic
2. Money is scarce
3. Hard to trade
3. Downfall of cities
1. No longer economic
4. Population shifts
1. Fewer people live there
2. People were leaving
5. Decline of learning
1. Tribes coming in are not educated
2. Communicate through oral tradition
6. Lose of common language
1. Dialect developed in different regions
2. Language was developed from Latin
3. Priest and church officials
4. Live off of Latin
7. Concept of government
1. Roman society loyal republic gov
2. German society loyal to family
1. Chief led warriors
2. During peace, he provided food weapons treasure etc.
3. During war time, warriors fought for lord
3. People didn’t know who the king was
4. Franks lived in Gaul
5. Clovis
8. Germanic kingdom emerges
1. Franks and Clovis
1. Another battle field conversion
2. Clovis and 300 warriors were baptized
3. Clovis and church begin to work together
9. Gregory I expanded power of church
1. Papacy - popes office
2. Secular power - worldly power
3. Church can use money to
1. Raise armies
2. Repair roads
3. Help the poor
4. Gregory the great acts like mayor and head of wealthy government

Middle ages

• Feudalism - a political, military and economic system based in land holding and protective alliances
• Based on personal loyalty of people who can help you

The Feudal Pyramid

King

Vassals (nobles and bishops)

Knights (rewarded with fiefs for defending land)

Peasants (mostly serfs)

Mind your manors

• Manor - lords estate
• A church
• Some workshop
• 15 - 30 families
• All in a few square miles
• Good news: self-sufficient
• Bad news: harsh if you're a peasant

How harsh is it?

• Peasants are poor and pay high taxes
• Tax on grain
• Tax on marriage
• Church tax
• They live in crowed cottages
• Live with animals and insects
• Eat very simply 

End of an Era

• Rome has economic issues
• Becoming hard to trade and sell things
• Military is getting weak
• Mercenaries
• Roman empire started raising taxes
• Diocletian  cut roman empire in 2
• Doing better in east
• West is still ancient
• In AD 324 Constantine became emperor of both halves of the empire
• Renamed capital
• After his death, empires divided again
• The last emperor was 13
• That’s it for the roman empire (AD 476)

Diocletian

• Born in Illyria
• He was the son of a freed slave who enlisted in  the ranks, worked his way up, was at last proclaimed emperor by his troops and subdued all rivals who contested to his throne
• After a reign of about 20 years, he retired
• Persecuted Christians
• 204-303
• In his view, Rome just needs a big army
• More government officials

Constantine

• Not ok to persecute Christians but its ok to be one
• Had an encounter with God

Edict of Milan

• Ending prosecution and proclaiming complete freedom of worship throughout the empire

• Taxes were raised
• Barbarians were taking over local levels and empire is crumbling

End of an era

• Empire came crashing down
• Look on blog for powerpoint
• Romulus agustus

Rome pt.2

• Christians and Jews are monotheistic
• No laws to prevent people to hurt Christians
• As some places got more Christians, it became even more popular
• Some roman leaders started to become Christians
• Eventually, it becomes encourages
• In 313, Constantine, who was an emperor, is getting ready to go into battle
• The day before he saw a cross figure
• He may have heard "in his name"
• He has everyone paint a cross
• He issues a low called edict of Milan which executes the persecution of Christians
•  the leaders of the church start to get more power
• Kingdom of Christians
• Religion is like a government

Test

today is our test and im kinda scared about it. i studied really hard so i hope i do good

Even more notes

Where did the first group settle?

On the tiger river

What are the three groups that settled?

Greeks, Latin's and Etruscan

Who was Tarkin the proud and what was significant about him?

Last king and his son raped him

How did Rome move from a monarchy to a republic?

Res publica

Difference between plebeians and patricians

Patricians were the richer ones, upper class, land owners, connected with each other

Plebeians  were the middle class, lower class, small farmers, blue collar workers

Define:

Senate - were there for life

Consuls - 2 guys close to the monarchy, 1 year

Tribunes - there hundred, 2 years

What is important about the 12 tables?

Laws to protect plebeians

The constitution is based on their 12 tables

Forum is Rome's political center

The Roman Empire pt. 2

• Caligula was Tiberius adopted grandson
• Starts off ok
• Grants bonus' to the army
• He took away charges of treason
• Instituted transparency
• In the first seven months of reign was "completely blissful"
• He starts fighting with the senate
• He was somewhat insane
• He claimed to be a god
• Put a statue of himself in the Jewish Tempe
• Assassination by his own aids, AD 41 (age 28)
• Claudius wasn’t the most inspiring
• Limp, slightly deaf, speech impediment
• His own family made fun of him
• Because he was the last male in the Caesar family line, he became emperor
• He had a terrible marriage
• His wife wasn’t always loyal
• She wanted to have Claudius killed so her lover could become emperor
• Christianity and Judaism - monotheistic
• Romans had many gods
• Sometimes emperor declared themselves as a god
• There was no separation of church and state
• In AD 66 the Zealots, a group of Jews, rebelled
• Romans burned down their temple except for one wall
• The wall is the holiest place in Jewish system
• 1/2 of a million Jews died
• Romans were harsh to those who didn’t worship the emperor
• The Christians were viewed as a cult
• Their religion was secretive
• They were targeted
• Because of that, it became popular

Roman Empire

Assassination and Another Caesar

• Caesar became a Greek-style tyrant - there was a traditional and honorable way of getting rid of tyrants
• on the Ides of March, Caesar appeared in the Senate house (unarmed) and a crowd of senators struck him down with daggers
• his murder did not restore the Republic
• instead, his death produced another crop of warlords and more bouts of civil war
• The main contenders were Mark Anthony(once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leading assassin), Brutus and Cassius, and Caesars grandnephew and adopted son, Octavian Caesar
• Mark and Octavian were rival loyalists of Caesar 
• they soon joined forces against Caesars assassination; formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord, Marcus Lepidus; eliminated opponents in a new region of terror in Rome; and defeated Cassius and Brutus in a battle in Greece
• the triumvirs declared that they intended to "restore the Republic" but they also had the senate proclaim Caesar the "divine being"
• the partners then divided the Roman world with Octavian in Rome, Lepidus in North Africa and mark in Alexandria 
• their cooperation soon turned into rivalry 
• the balance of power began swinging to Octavian 
• Anthony's love affair with Cleopatra made him unpopular
• Octavian pushed Lepidus out of power and began expanding Rome's frontiers northward 
• in 31 B.C., the rulers of the two halves of Rome's empire went to war
• Octavian beat Anthony and Cleopatra 
• then both Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide
• Octavian was now supreme warlord 

The Roman Peace

"The era of the Roman peace was one massive social, religious and cultural changes that would form a new pattern of western civilization."

• Augustus's new system of gov. kept many features of the Roman Republic, allowed subject peoples a good deal of self-rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing expansion to a halt. the result was 200 years of stability that modern scholars call the Roman Peace
• the roman version of Greco-roman civ. prevailed in the western territories and the Greek version was dominant in the east
• roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engendering were often inspired by Greek models, but roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed the Greeks
• in the west, the native languages of conquered European barbarian people began to be replaced by Latin

the Rule of the Emperors 

Timeline

29-19 BC - Virgil composes the Aeneid

27 BC- end of roman republic and beginning of rule of roman emperors 

14 - Augustus dies and Tiberius takes over

62-70 - Jewish revolt against Rome

117 - under Trajan, roman empire reaches its great extent 

126 - pantheon built in Rome 

212 - all free inhabitants of roman empire are declared roman citizens

529 - Justinian's law code begins to be published, systematizing the laws of Rome